Tax
Wealth Managers, Advisors React To UK’s Autumn Budget
After UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves released the Autumn Budget yesterday, wealth managers discuss the impact, notably the abolition of the resident non-domiciled status and hikes in capital gains, Inheritance Tax and employers' National Insurance contributions.
Yesterday, UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves announced a series of tax hikes expected to raise taxes by £40 billion ($52 billion) as she pledged NHS and housing investment.
Although not as hard-hitting as some analysts feared, the lower rate of capital gains tax (CGT) on assets such as shares still will rise from 10 to 18 per cent, and the higher rate will rise from 20 to 24 per cent. Rates on residential property will be maintained at 18 per cent and 24 per cent.
Inheritance tax thresholds, which is charged at 40 per cent above a threshold of £325,000 ($422, 000), will stay frozen until 2030; inherited pensions will be brought into inheritance tax from 2027, however. The treatment of inherited pensions means that, when income tax is also deducted from the remaining pot, the effective tax rate on an inherited pension is 67 per cent, a lawyer explains. Agricultural and business property business relief will also be reformed with assets over £1 million facing a 20 per cent rate. A 50 per cent relief will be applied in all circumstances on inheritance tax for shares on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM).
Individuals can claim up to 100 per cent relief on the inheritance of agricultural land if it is being actively farmed whilst business relief enables an individual to pass on a company or shares if it is unlisted with 100 per cent tax relief. Reeves said the IHT changes would raise £2 billion.
Hitting businesses, she has also raised employers’ National Insurance contributions (NIC) by 1.2 per cent, raising the levy to 15 per cent for firms from April 2025. She will reduce the secondary threshold – the level at which employers start paying National Insurance on an employee's salary – from £9,100 a year to £5,000, and increase the employment allowance from £5,000 to £10,500 in a boost for SMEs. This will raise £25 billion a year.
Reeves also confirmed the abolition of the resident non-domiciled regime from April 2025. She will raise air passenger duty on private jets by a further 50 per cent and introduce VAT on private school fees from January. The freeze on income tax and National Insurance (NI) thresholds will not be extended beyond 2028, but instead rise in line with inflation, in a bid to avoid hurting working people.
The main rate of corporation tax, paid by businesses on taxable profits over £250,000, will stay at 25 per cent until the next election. Reeves will also maintain incentives for electric cars and offer 40 per cent relief on business rates for the retail, hospitality and leisure industry in 2025/26.
The largest revenue-raising move was a rise in employers' National Insurance Contributions (NICs), a form of payroll tax. While not directly affecting HNW individuals, it will affect wealth management businesses themselves in terms of their own staff.
Corporation tax was unchanged at 25 per cent, including full expensing for capital expenditure - a point relevant to HNW clients with operating companies, and investors owning them.
The market reaction was fairly muted yesterday afternoon. Sterling steadied after selling off, whilst gilt yields rose slightly, and the FTSE 250 rose, up 1.6 per cent and the AIM market up over 3 per cent.
Here are some reactions from wealth managers to the hikes.
Capital gains tax
Tiago Veiga, CEO at Aurum Solutions
“Hiking the rate of capital gains tax is counterintuitive to the
UK’s ambition of becoming an established global hub for
technological innovation and fintech. What we need to be doing is
creating an environment that enables businesses to generate
wealth, and incentivise growth, not the opposite. The onus is now
on entrepreneurs to drive even greater growth, so they can reap
the same rewards. To do so, businesses should focus on
proactively finding the tools they need to scale sustainably, and
this starts with enlisting time and cost-saving solutions.
Technology like automation can free up an enormous amount of
resources for businesses to spend on revenue-generating
activities, particularly for startups which may already have
limited capacity. Against a backdrop of greater tax burdens, this
will be key to business prosperity in the long run.”
Jason Hollands, managing director at Evelyn
Partners
“Higher CGT rates combined with the steep cuts to the annual
exemptions in recent years together make for a less
investment-friendly tax environment and should focus minds
firstly on the importance of utilising tax wrappers like ISAs and
pensions, which protect investments from tax on both capital
gains and dividends, and secondly on the use of annual tax-exempt
allowances. This is especially important if you are married or in
a civil partnership and can take advantage of both sets of
allowances, and transfer savings and investments so they do not
attract unnecessary tax liabilities.’
Nicholas Hyett, investment manager at Wealth
Club
“The capital gains tax straightjacket has been pulled steadily
tighter for years. Between 2022 and 2024 the tax-free allowance
for CGT was cut from £12,300 to £3,000, and the decision to raise
CGT rates across the board today will only make matters worse.
Capital gains tax is only paid by a minority of, generally
wealthier, taxpayers, which probably explains its appeal to the
government. However, it also represents a tax on risk taking –
since it’s only charged on gains from investments or setting up
your own business. It’s a far cry from the growth focused,
business friendly budget that was originally billed.
For investors facing higher CGT bills it may be worth considering investments in Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) and Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS) qualifying companies. These government backed venture capital schemes, one of the few to avoid reform in yesterday’s budget, allow you to defer or reduce capital gains taxes as well as offering income tax relief of 30 to 50 per cent up front. These schemes will become even more important going forwards, not just for investors but for small companies that may find AIM less welcoming in future.”
Alice Shaw, wealth planner at Succession
Wealth
“The CGT increase on asset sales/business sales could affect
future retirement plans, meaning clients are working longer to
some degree or saving more heavily. Salary sacrifice is now
more attractive given that NI rates have increased.”
IHT
James Quarmby, founding partner, private wealth, at Stephenson Harwood
Quarmby wrote on his Linkedin page today about the "jaw-dropping" nature of a change to IHT that hasn't - yet - received much mainstream commentary.
"So, if you die with any pension pot left then it will be taxed to IHT. This is regardless of whether you die before or after 75 years of age. Your pension trustees will be expected within 6 months of your death to calculate the IHT and pay it to HMRC. What’s left after that can be paid to your successors but if you were over 75 years old at death they will also be subject to income tax," Quarmby wrote.
"Let’s take a £2 million pension pot (assume nil rate band used up already), so that’s £800,000 in IHT, leaving £1.2 million to pay to your heirs. They will pay 45 per cent income tax, a further liability of £540,000, meaning that your heirs are left with only £660,000 from a £2 million fund. That’s an effective rate of tax of 67 per cent. I’m sure `working people' all over the UK will be happy to hear this news," he added.
Claire Trott, divisional director, retirement and
holistic planning, St James’s Place
"The Chancellor's decision to include pensions in the IHT
calculations, alongside freezing to the allowances, will likely
increase the number of estates that will pay IHT significantly
above the current 6 per cent. The devil will be in the detail to
determine if this includes only lump sums, or if it also includes
benefits passed down by way of an income. In addition, we need to
know how this will work for defined benefit pension schemes, if
included, where individuals have no access to increased income to
pay a charge. The delay in implementation of this change is
welcome, allowing these questions to be resolved and giving
individuals some time to plan."
Craig Ritchie, partner at GSB
Wealth
"It is good to have clarity on the Inheritance Tax nil rate
band (NRB) continued freeze, although this will bite as more
estates fall into the IHT brackets. The exposure
of inherited pensions to IHT will reduce the
attractiveness of pensions as a wealth transfer tool, changing
the landscape for pensions. Bringing AIM stocks into
the scope of IHT, even at a reduced rate, will have a
negative impact on the value of smaller UK companies, decimating
the viability of AIM as an IHT planning tool."
Anna Warren, tax director at Bentley Reid
“The Chancellor has headed the advice of the IFS and made changes
to Business Property Relief (BPR) and Agricultural Property
Relief (APR). This will have a huge impact on family businesses
and farms, especially farms in more affluent areas of the
UK. Individuals who may not have had to consider estate
planning in detail will now need to plan well in advance to avoid
having to dispose of assets on death. In addition, the
chancellor announced that the late payment interest rate will
increase, given there is only six months to pay IHT, this is
likely to impact these individuals significantly.”
Will Stevens, head of financial planning at Killik &
Co
“The pain of this budget will be felt by business
owners – for those families and individuals who own
medium-sized firms, they will not only be hit by a larger
employer National Insurance bill, but also the longer-term
prospect of having their business value taxed under the
Inheritance Tax regime at 20 per cent on any value over £1
million, when they die and pass it on to future generations.
While there are some exceptions for smaller business owners,
those with larger businesses will certainly have a lot to think
about.”
Mark Incledon, chief executive officer of Bowmore
Financial Planning
“This is a blow for AIM. The government should have looked at
maximising incentives for both companies and investors in the
small cap market, not reducing them. Instead, they have chosen to
make the AIM market significantly less attractive to investors.
The AIM market plays a vital role in funding the UK’s growth
sectors. Tax reliefs for AIM shares promote the smaller market to
investors, allowing smaller companies to compete. Cutting these
tax breaks will slow their growth. This will likely come back to
bite the economy in the long run.” Bowmore said that the value of
the AIM All-Share Index has fallen by £4.5 billion from the
General Election until today [yesterday], as investors sold AIM
shares in preparation for tax changes.
Nicholas Hyett, investment manager at Wealth
Club
“The threat of removing Inheritance Tax relief from AIM shares
has dragged on the market for months. Today at least provides
some certainty about what the future looks like, even if the IHT
relief on offer has been cut in half. That certainty has driven a
3.9 per cent spike in the AIM all-share index. While the cut
to tax relief will probably weigh on valuations long term, making
it more expensive for small UK companies to raise funding, not
abolishing it altogether has avoided the worst-case scenario of
significant disruption as capital fled the market.”
“Business Relief is crucial to the long-term future of many small family-owned businesses up and down the country. The good news is that the reforms in this budget are less draconian than feared, with full relief capped at a still fairly generous £1 million and IHT falling to 20 per cent thereafter. The decision not to add a hard cap to Business Relief avoids the worst-case scenario for those invested in specialist products that aim to qualify for business relief by investing in things like solar farms, property development lending and care homes. These are illiquid assets, and complete tax relief withdrawal risked investors being locked in for a long time and/or painful markdowns in value. Nonetheless for larger businesses up and down the country, this reform will be a source of considerable concern.”
Alex Cummings, wealth planner at Succession
Wealth
“The impact of changes to the IHT/pension regime will potentially
mean significant changes to wealthier clients’ retirement income
strategies. At present, there has been a tendency to use
alternative assets to fund retirement spending, with pensions
being used for passing on wealth. This strategy could be turned
on its head. A change to plans and cashflow forecasts may be
necessary. I can see trust based whole-of-life and gifting
strategies becoming a bigger focus going forward, particularly as
the core IHT exemptions/allowances appear to remain untouched."
Ian Dyall, head of estate planning at wealth management
firm Evelyn Partners
"The budget has not wrangled with Inheritance Tax quite as much
as had been expected. There was no change to the nil-rate
bands – but the freeze on those exemptions has been extended from
2028 to 2030 which will draw more families into IHT by the
process of fiscal drag. This process will be accelerated by the
inclusion of defined contribution pension pots in taxable
estates, which will bring even more families into the IHT
net. Currently only about 6 per cent of estates are
considered liable for IHT, but it can’t be long before this is 10
per cent. The gifting rules escaped unchanged, but as
expected there was a dilution of agricultural property and
business relief which now share a combined threshold of £1
million for 100 per cent relief. While this is a less aggressive
move than had been expected, it is still possible that modest
family-owned and managed businesses could get caught up in
measures intended to target the very wealthiest families.
As for AIM shares, the fact that they were not ejected from business relief altogether has seen a relief rally of 4.4 per cent in the AIM index today [yesterday], which indicates that these investments will still have a role to play in estate planning. The major change as far as most families are concerned will be the inclusion of pension pots into the calculation of estates for IHT liability. This will change the estate planning wisdom for some retirees on how pension savings are used in retirement. This is because unspent pension savings are now more neutral compared to other assets from an IHT point of view so it is more likely that wealthy savers who have access to other savings will use more of their pensions during retirement."
Non dom regime
Marcelo Goulart, managing partner, First
Alliance
“The overhaul in the non-dom regime is a colossal misjudgement
and has exacerbated the damage that has already been done to the
UK’s reputation as a prime jurisdiction for wealthy international
people setting up homes and businesses. Eighty per cent of
my clients have already left the UK or are taking steps to leave
before 6 April 2025. Italy and Switzerland are leading
destinations of choice. Tax stability is of paramount importance
in attracting inward investment, whilst uncertainty (on which the
UK already had a poor history) is one of the biggest pain points
making a country unattractive for the wealthy.
“If we want London to remain a global financial capital, you cannot have this mindset that treats wealthy foreigners as leeches somehow. Either you make it more (not less) attractive for them to come and stay, or they will make Dubai, Milan, and Zurich their base, as appears to be the case and London will eventually fade into just the capital of England.”
Craig Ritchie, partner at GSB
Wealth
"The abolition of the non-domicile scheme and move to a
residency-based scheme presents huge opportunities for UK expats,
who intend to remain outside of the UK to pass on wealth free
of UK IHT. For those transitioning back to the UK, there is
an opportunity to take advantage of the generous
four-year foreign income and gains (FIG) regime. The
increase in additional stamp duty will further weaken
the landlord/buy-to-let investment market and support investment
into other traditional investment vehicles. It is likely that we
will see Scotland and Wales follow with increases to their stamp
duties."
Alexandra Loydon, St James’s Place
“The government’s decisions to abolish the non dom status and end
excluded property trusts in today’s [yesterday's] budget may very
well mark the end of high net worth (HNW) individuals settling
long term in the UK, which could have an impact on the UK's high
end property market. With today’s announcements being especially
detailed, we strongly encourage those who think that they may be
affected, to seek advice and guidance ahead of the published
changes being implemented in April of next year.”
Employers National Insurance contributions
Rachel Winter, partner at Killik & Co
“The UK stock market has lost many great companies in recent
years. Some have been bought out by overseas buyers who were
taking advantage of weak sterling and an out-of-favour-market.
Others have moved abroad voluntarily, seeking access to greater
numbers of investors and more business-friendly environments.
While today’s increase in employer NI contributions is a blow,
the freezing of corporation tax rates is welcome news. The FTSE
250, which is a much more UK-focused index than the FTSE 100, has
risen during the Budget speech.”
Bond market impact
Michael Browne, chief investment officer at Martin
Currie, part of Franklin Templeton
“The markets are happy. Why? The trailing of high capital gains
taxes has not happened. How? By raising the National Insurance
contributions by 1.2 per cent but also dropping the level it
starts to be paid from £9,100 to £5,000. But, under that is
the Office for Budget Responsibility's (OBR) expectations there
is a lower expected growth rate of higher inflation after
2026. The strain is being taken by not protecting spending
departments who will be asked for 2 per cent productivity gains
and just 1.5 per cent increase in budgets, where wage increases
must be managed.
“This is what the gilt market is impressed by, and why the markets are not overly concerned. The move to a different calculation of public sector borrowing has been clearly anticipated and allows for £100 billion of capital investment over the next five years. With the long-term spending review in next spring, tougher decisions may be on the horizon. This budget is unlikely to deter the mix of overseas investors. Right now, the UK is affordable and offers stability.”
Matthew Amis, investment director, abrdn
“Large but not reckless would be the best way to describe the
Chancellor’s Budget increases, which spanned spending, taxation
and borrowing. At abrdn, we believe gilt prices can rise relative
to peers, however they will struggle to fully unwind the ‘Budget
premium’ built up over recent weeks – which saw UK government
bond prices fall over fears of increased spending. Rachel Reeves
has given the market some level of reassurance, with the tighter
than expected stability rule and the increased tax haul. Even so,
for her to balance the current budget in three years seems a hard
task. Longer-term, the gilt market will struggle to look past the
large increases in borrowing announced today. Investors will need
to absorb an extra £142 billion of issuance over the next five
years. The extra long gilt issuance is catching the market off
guard.”